JCSM Shareware Collection 1993 November

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ JCSM Shareware Collection 1993 November / JCSM Shareware Collection - 1993-11.iso / cl760 / reflst4j.lzh / REFLIST.DOC < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1991-03-02 | 90KB | 2,407 lines

REFLIST A PROGRAM TO WRITE AND FORMAT REFERENCE LISTS FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL MANUSCRIPTS v4.01 - (c) 1990 E.J.Shillitoe 5326 Dumfries Drive Houston TX 77096 (713) 728-0596 REFLIST is a program that helps you to write scientific and technical manuscripts because it: -- Reads the text file from the disc and finds the citations to other publications. -- Draws the correct references out of your Master File of references and formats the reference list according to the style requirements of almost any journal. -- Can return to the text file and replace the citations with the appropriate numbers. -- Can search your Master File of references and make lists of references that match key words. REFLIST runs on the IBM PC or any MS DOS computer, and requires 128 K of memory. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page What REFLIST does 5 Quick demonstration 6 Installing/customizing the program 8 Writing the text file 10 Preparing a reference list 12 Listing all of the Master file 13 Listing references by Keyword 14 Adding references to the Master file 15 Adding missing references to the Master file 19 Adding downloaded references to the Master file 19 Merging two Master files 20 Examining the Master file 21 Indexing the Master file 21 Replacing text citations with numbers 22 Deleting/Modifying entries in the Master file 22 Files used by REFLIST 23 Journal formats: 25 American Economic Review 26 American Journal of Agricultural Economics 26 American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 27 American Journal of Psychiatry 27 American Journal of Psychotherapy 28 American Psychologist 28 Arthritis and Rheumatism 29 Cancer 29 Cell 30 Environmental Mutagenesis 30 Family Process 31 Forest Science 31 Gene 32 Hospital and Community Psychiatry 32 International Journal of Cancer 33 Journal of Biological Chemistry 33 Journal of Cell Biology 34 Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 34 Journal of Dental Research 35 Journal of General Virology 35 Journal of Infectious Diseases 36 Journal of The Linguistic Society of America 36 Journal of Medical Virology 37 Journal of The National Cancer Institute 37 Journal of Oral Pathology 38 Journal of Virology (ASM Format) 38 Land Economics 39 Language and Literature 39 Molecular and General Genetics 40 Nature 40 New England Journal of Medicine (Vancouver Format) 41 Nucleic Acids Research 41 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Proceedings of The Nat'l Academy of Sciences, USA 42 Virology 42 Virus Research 43 Adding journal formats 44 Error messages and troubleshooting 45 Menus: Reference-list Text file 12 Master file Keywords 14 All Master file 13 Master-file Add a reference Missing reference 19 New reference 15 Downloaded file 19 See/Change a reference 21 Index the Master file 21 Number Citations to numbers 22 Numbers to citations 22 Options Citation flag 8 Text file 8 Spacing 8 Master file 8 Word processor 8 A. WORD PERFECT 9 B. PC-WRITE 9 C. SPRINT 9 D. OTHER 9 Video mode 9 Exit WHAT REFLIST DOES Imagine this situation, which often faces researchers and other academic people. You finish writing a thesis, a review article or a grant proposal, and have to compose a list of references. Firstly you have to read through the work carefully making a list of the citations in the text, eliminating duplicates and alphabetizing them if necessary. When this is finally done you have to look up the actual references and make up the reference list. This might have a hundred items, each looking a little like this: Sorsdahl OA, Williams CM, & Bruno FP: Scintillation camera scanning of the salivary glands. Radiology 92:1477-1480, 1969 Typing each reference is a slow business as the format and details have to be just right. Eventually you are finished. However soon you find yourself submitting a paper on a similar subject to the journal 'Nature'. Now you must re-type all of the references so that they look like this: 1. Sorsdahl, O.A., Williams, C.M. & Bruno, F.P. Radiology 92, 1477 (1969). Suppose that 'Nature' rejects your paper (unlikely, of course) and you want to re-submit it to the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. You have no choice but to re-type the entire list again, until each reference looks like this: (1) SORSDAHL OA, WILLIAMS CM, BRUNO FP. Scintillation camera scanning of the salivary glands. Radiology 1969; 92:1477-1480. Suppose that the Journal of the National Cancer Institute accepts the paper, but soon you are writing another that uses many of the same references again, but will go to the Journal of Virology. Now you must re-type your references again, but make them look like this: Sorsdahl O.A., C.M.Williams and F.P.Bruno (1969). Scintillation camera scanning of the salivary glands. Radiology 92, 1477-1480. Suppose that the Journal of Virology rejects the paper ... well you probably get the point by now. In fact if you go into any scientific library and pick up any 10 journals at random you will probably find about 9 different reference formats. Here is another problem raised by references. Some journals want you to include citations within the text like this (Smith and Jones, 1984) which is easy enough, but many others want the citations to be numbered like this (7). The numbering system is a pain to use because you have to write the entire paper first, and then put in the numbers later. If you edit the paper even slightly and add or remove just one citation you have to re- number all of the following citations in the text, and re-number the entire reference list again. Then if the paper comes back from a reviewer who demands that some references be added or others deleted, you go through the whole business all over again. These three problems, of compiling the citations, formatting the references and numbering the citations and references, are of course governed by extremely rigid rules and so can easily be performed by a computer. REFLIST is a program to do these tasks and this manual explains how to use it. Before you start, make a backup copy of the distribution disc and use the copy for your work. Save the disc supplied in case of problems later with your working disc. QUICK DEMONSTRATION Run REFLIST by typing its name at the A> prompt. You should see the main menu bar at the top of the screen which looks something like this: ┌─────────────────────────────── REFLIST v4.01 ───────────────────────────┐ │ Reference-list Master-file Number Options Exit │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ If you are familiar with many modern programs you will immediately see how to use REFLIST. Choices are selected from menus by moving a high-light bar across the menu with the arrow keys on the keyboard. Choices are made by pressing the ENTER key, and are cancelled with the Esc key. If you prefer you can make a choice by using its first letter in many instances. Do you use WordPerfect as your word processor? If you do, you can now press E and exit the program, because it is already configured to use WordPerfect text files. If you use some other word processor then you must configure REFLIST. Press O for Options, and then press W for Word Processor. At this point the menus should look like this: ┌─────────────────────────────── REFLIST v4.01 ───────────────────────────┐ │ Reference-list Master-file Number Options Exit │ └────────────────────────────────────────────┌───────────────┐────────────┘ │Citation flag │ │Text file │ │Spacing │ │Master file │ │Word processor │ │Video mode │ └────────────┌───────────────────┐ │A. WORD PERFECT 5.1│ │B. WORDSTAR 3.3 │ │C. PC-WRITE │ │D. SPRINT │ │E. OTHER │ └───────────────────┘ The option of Word Perfect will be high-lighted. Move the menu bar to your own word processor and press Enter. Now press Esc twice and you will be out of the program. It will have been customized for your word processing program. If your word processor is 'Other' then you will need to know what codes it inserts into text for underlining and bold face printing. The codes will be saved in the file REFLIST.DEF, so after you have customized the program you can inspect that file to see that they have been saved correctly. On the distribution disc you will see two files of scientific text called EXAMPLE.WP and EXAMPLE.TXT. They are the same, except that EXAMPLE.WP is a WordPerfect file, while EXAMPLE.TXT is for other word processors. If you use WordPerfect, call up EXAMPLE.WP and press the Reveal Codes key (Alt + F3). You will see that the first letter of each citation is marked as being part of List number 1. To see how the marking was done, type in some other citation of your own, put the cursor on the first letter of it and press Alt-R. The citation will be marked. Note that the marking depends on you having the macro file called ALTR.WPM on your disc. Now save the file and exit. If you use a word processor that is not WordPerfect, use it to call up the file EXAMPLE.TXT. You will see that each of the citations to other publications is preceded by a character looking either like a double headed arrow, or as ^R. This is a Control-R character (R for Reference) and REFLIST knows that what follows is a citation to a work that is being referenced. Now start up REFLIST and choose 'Reference-list' from the main menu by pressing 'R', or simply pressing ENTER. Choose the option 'Text-file' by pressing 'T', or just press ENTER. The program guesses that you want to make a reference list for EXAMPLE.WP and prompts you with that name. At this point the top of the screen should look like this: ┌─────────────────────────────── REFLIST v4.0 ────────────────────────────┐ │ Reference-list Master-file Number Options Exit │ └──┌────────────┐─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │Text file │ │Master file │ └────────────┘ Name of file: EXAMPLE.WP To change it to EXAMPLE.TXT just erase the WP with the Backspace key, type in TXT and press enter. REFLIST will now read the EXAMPLE file. As it finds the citations, each one will appear in a window on the screen. When all are found you will be given a list of journal formats from which to choose. The first journal menu has 10 options, but by picking the choice 'SEE MORE OPTIONS' you can see more journals. Pick one by pressing ENTER and the reference list will be made. Back out of the program by pressing the Esc key four times. Now look at the directory of your disc. You will see two new files - EXAMPLE.CIT and EXAMPLE.REF. One contains a list of the citations in EXAMPLE.TXT (or EXAMPLE.WP) and the other is the formatted reference list, ready to be added to the text file. To do this, you simply call in the .REF file as a block, using the 'read block' or 'retrieve' command of your word processor. This should give you a pretty clear of what REFLIST is about. If the above demonstration did not work you might like to make other changes to the configuration. The Options choice from the main menu gives you the following choices: Options - Citation flag With WordPerfect the flag that marks citations in the text is fixed and can not be changed. With other word processors the flag is set as a default to the Control-R character, but can be changed to any character you choose. If it is not possible to enter Control-R into text with your word processor, or if this symbol means something to your printer, then you will have to use some other character to flag each citation. It is best to use a Control- character since these will generally not appear in your printed text, but do not use Control-H, -I, -J, -M or -Z as these probably mean something already to your computer or printer and will produce a surprise when you edit or print the text. If it is completely impossible to enter any Control character into your text then you will have to use a printable character which you do not use otherwise. For example you could use a & or a ^ or a @ sign. Later you will have to use the 'Find-And-Replace' command of your word processor to replace the flags with a space, or you might be able to alter a translation table to make that character non-printing. To change the Citation flag that REFLIST will recognize, choose 'Options' from the main menu, and choose 'Citation flag' from the 'Options' menu. You will be shown the current flag. To change it, type in the new character. To replace it with a Control character, hold down the Ctrl key while pressing the character. To enter some other value whose ASCII number is known, hold down the ALT key, type in the number on the numeric keypad, and release the ALT key. Options - Text file The next option 'Text file' changes the default file name that REFLIST offers as a prompt when you make a list or replace citations with numbers. You don't have to change this, as REFLIST always remembers what the last file was that you used. However, you can change it if you prefer. Options - Spacing The option 'Spacing' sets the number of blank lines that will appear between each reference in your finished list. Options - Master file The option 'Master file' allows you to change the name of the Master file of references. Some users like to keep separate files for different types of writing - some secretaries keep different files for different authors for whom they work. Most users don't bother to change this. Options - Word processor This is described above. Options - Video mode On an IBM-PC REFLIST will run in color on a color monitor, or in monochrome on a monochrome monitor. However, some compatibles try to emulate color on monochrome monitors by using shades of grey. This is hard to read. If this happens to you, pick Video mode, and you will be asked 'Is the screen easy to read?'. If you press 'N' or'n' then you get the chance to enter a new video mode number - either 0, 2, 3, or 7. Try number 2 first. Press 2, then press Esc Esc Esc to get out of the program. Now start REFLIST again and see if the screen is any better. If not, try again but pick another number. On a genuine IBM PC the number 0 will run the program in the starting mode whatever it was - color or monochrome. The number 2 will force monochrome even on a color monitor, and the number 3 will produce color on a color monitor and monochrome (without inverse video) on a monochrome monitor. The number 7 will produce monochrome on any monitor. However, different PC compatibles use different numbers so will you have to experiment. Mode 2 is likely to work on most machines - even laptops which often have dreadful monitors. At any time during installation if you press ENTER, that is the same as accepting the value currently shown on the screen. If you press Esc you leave the current value unchanged. WRITING THE TEXT FILE While writing your own text file you must be able to mark citations. With WordPerfect you must ensure that the macro file ALTR.WPM is on your disc, put the cursor on the first letter of the citation, and press Alt-R. The bottom left of the screen will flicker, and the citation is marked. Use the Reveal Codes key (Alt + F3) to make sure it is, or to reveal the marking so that it can be deleted if you need to. The reference list will replace the List number 1 of WordPerfect. Thus if you wish to use WordPerfect to make a list of any other items in your text you must call those lists Number 2, Number 3 and so on. With WORDSTAR you can easily put a Control-R into the text by typing Control-P Control-R at the start of each citation. If you wish to see the text without the ^R character you can hide it with the Control-O Control-D command. PC-WRITE must be configured to use the Control-R. In your ED.DEF file you must put two lines - one will read #R:255.255.255=18 This line is to prevent PC-WRITE from duplicating the Control-R when it reformats paragraphs. The other line in ED.DEF must read R:" " (Between the quotation marks must be the Control-R character). This line allows you to enter Control-R in the text by holding down the Control key while pressing the R. One way to write the Control-R into the ED.DEF file for the very first time you do it is to hold down the Alt key, press 18 on the numeric keypad, and then release the Alt key. In your PR.DEF file you should put the line $18= (Note that the line is incomplete, with nothing after the = sign). This prevents the Control-R from being sent to the printer when the file is printed. Many other word-processors also allow the entry of control characters into the text, but you will have to consult the manual or call the company to find how this is done. Some word- processors, such as MULTIMATE, Microsoft's WORD or WORDSTAR 2000 do not generally write ASCII files, but compress the data into their own format. REFLIST can only read ASCII files, but word processor files can be saved as ASCII if the program is told to print to the disc. The file that was printed to disc can then be read by REFLIST as long as the character you are using as a citation flag is still present in the file. Note that the citation in your text must match exactly the one you will use when you store the reference in the Master file. In other words, REFLIST sees Smith 1989 as being one reference, and Smith 1989a as being quite different. It will not matter if any line breaks or page breaks come in the middle of the citation - they will be ignored. Also any punctuation in the citation, such as periods (as in et al., or Smith; 1989) will be ignored. However there are some restrictions. Citations must not be concatenated. That means that, lets say, Smith 1988, 1989 will not be recognized as two citations and only the first one will be used. You must instead write Smith 1988, Smith 1989. Also, Smith and Jones 1988 is different from Smith & Jones, 1988. Do not indicate the number one by a lower case L, because that will mislead the program. Citations can be up to 40 characters long, which should be more than enough for most uses. However citations can be as closely spaced as you like because the program knows when it has found the end (it looks for a year in the 20th century, followed by an optional lower case letter). You can have up to 500 different citations in any text file. If you wish to have a reference in the reference list which does not appear in the text, then put it in a non-printing line. For WORDSTAR or PC-WRITE start the line with .. This could be useful in preparing papers for journals like SCIENCE where just one citation number can refer to a whole group of references. It could also be useful for journals which ask that references in figure legends be numbered from the point at which the figure is mentioned in the text. You can insert the legend in the text at that point with .. at the start of the line, as well as having it at its correct place. Now the reference list will be numbered correctly. PREPARING A REFERENCE LIST - FOR A TEXT FILE To start the program from the DOS prompt, just type REFLIST and press ENTER. After the program has loaded you will see the main menu. As with all of the REFLIST menus, the first letter of each choice is shown highlighted, and the choice can be made by pressing that letter on the keyboard. Alternatively, the choice can be made by using the arrow keys on the cursor pad until your choice is hi-lighted, and then pressing ENTER. If you press the ESC key while using REFLIST you will cancel the current choice and usually go back a step in the program. To make a reference list for a text file, just press ENTER as soon as the program has loaded. Press ENTER again to choose Text-file. You will be offered a file name - if this is not the name of the file for which you need the list, erase the old name with the Back Space key and type in the new one. Press ENTER. As it finds the citations, each one will appear in a window on the screen. When all are found you will be given a list of journal formats from which to choose. The first journal menu has 10 options, but by picking the choice 'SEE MORE OPTIONS' you can see more formats, up to a total of 35. Pick a format and the reference list will be made. As each reference is pulled out of the master file, the citation is seen on the screen again in a window on the left. If the Master File does not contain a particular citation, that citation appears in a window on the right. After the program is done, out of it by pressing the Esc key four times. Now take a look at the directory of the disc. You will see some new files. If your text file was EXAMPLE.TXT then the new files are EXAMPLE.REF, EXAMPLE.CIT and EXAMPLE.MIS. The reference list is in EXAMPLE.REF, spaced according to the 'Spacing' option that you set. It can be appended to EXAMPLE.TXT, and you can use your word processor to set the margins. However, if any citations in the text are not matched by a reference in the Master File the reference list will have a message saying "This citation not found in ...". The file EXAMPLE.CIT is a list of all of the citations in EXAMPLE.TXT and EXAMPLE.MIS is a list of the citations that were missing from the Master File. If you tell REFLIST to read a text file that has already been read once, you will get a message that asks "Read that file again?". If you have added or changed any citations since it was last read, you must answer Y. If not, things will go faster if you answer N. REFLIST runs very rapidly. If you have a fast PC, a fairly short text file and a small Master File then the program might be opening and closing windows faster than you can read them. Don't worry about it. The on-screen information is basically there to keep you entertained while the program does its work. All of the important stuff is saved in disc files, and the program does pause at the right moment to show you the names of these files. LISTING ALL THE MASTER FILE You might wish to have a list of all the references stored in your Master file, or you might need a list of those that match certain key words. From the opening menu choose 'Reference-list' and from the next menu choose 'Master File'. To list all of the Master File simply choose 'All Master file' from the next menu, and the program will list all of the Master file. You will be asked to choose a journal format, just as when formatting a list for a text file. At this point you can, if you wish, press Esc and back out of the program. You will get a file called MASTFILE.CIT which lists the citations to all of the Master File (assuming you have not changed the name of the Master file from MASTFILE.DTA. If you re-named it to, say, NEWMAST.DTA, then its citation file will be called NEWMAST.CIT). If you do pick a journal format, then in addition to the .CIT file you will get a file called MASTFILE.REF which is a formatted reference list to all of the references stored in the Master file. LISTING REFERENCES BY KEYWORD Suppose you want a list of all the references in your Master file that match certain keywords. Choose 'Reference-list' from the main menu, and then choose 'Keywords' from the next menu. Now you will be asked to enter a keyword. Type it in and press Enter. You will be asked for another keyword, up to a total of four keywords. If you wish to use less than four keywords, just press Enter when prompted for another. The keywords that you have chosen will appear in a window on the screen. Next you must choose if you wish the search to be for entries that have every one of the keywords that you chose, or if you wish to see entries that contain any of the keywords. Make your choice by placing the high-light bar on your choice and pressing Enter. REFLIST does not use 'fields' when searching by keyword. Every part of every reference in the Master file is examined during the search. This includes all of the bibliographic data, but also includes the words that you entered as keywords (if you did) at the time the reference was added to the Master file. If the reference was added to the Master file from a downloaded file then the major keywords, but not the minor keywords, will have been included. During the search, all letters are internally converted to upper case so that case is not important. The keywords entered for the search do not have to be complete words. For example you could specify the keyword "illin", and the program would then find all references containing the words ampicillin, penicillin, or amoxicillin. It would also find all references by an author called "Billings", and so you do have to be a little careful in designing the search. The searching algorithm that is used is fairly simple. You can not specify that you want to see all references after a certain date, or all references except certain ones, or search just the authors or titles for keywords. If you think that you really need a more sophisticated type of search then you will have to go to a data base program such as PC-FILE-R, dBase IV, or any of a hundred others. As the Master file is searched, so entries that match your keywords will be displayed as citations in a window on the screen. When the search is complete, you will be given the choice of journal formats in which the list is to be written. If all you want is a list of citations rather than complete references, then just press Esc at this point. Otherwise choose a journal format and the list will be prepared. When all this is done, the list of all the citations to the Master file will be in the file MASTFILE.CIT and the formatted reference list will be in MASTFILE.REF, assuming you are using MASTFILE.DTA as your Master file. ADDING NEW REFERENCES TO THE MASTER FILE To get access to your Master file of references, you must choose 'Master-file' from the main menu. The top of the screen should now look something like this: ┌────────────────────────────── REFLIST v4.0 ─────────────────────────────┐ │ Reference-list Master-file Number Options Exit │ └─────────────────────┌───────────────────────┐───────────────────────────┘ │Add a reference │ │See/Change a reference │ │Index the Master file │ └───────────────────────┘ Move the high-light bar up and down to your choice and then press Enter. In order to add a new reference you choose 'Add'. Now the screen will look something like this: ┌────────────────────────────── REFLIST v4.0 ─────────────────────────────┐ │ Reference-list Master-file Number Options Exit │ └─────────────────────┌────────────────┐──────────────────────────────────┘ │Add a reference │ │See/C┌──────────────────┐ │Index│ Missing reference│ └─────│ New reference │ │ Downloaded file │ └──────────────────┘ 'New reference' means to add a brand new reference. 'Missing reference' applies if you made a reference list for a text file, but not all of the citations in the text were matched by a reference in the Master-file. 'Downloaded' means to take a file of references that were obtained from one of the on-line literature searching systems and merge them into the Master file. Let's assume that you want to add a new reference, and it is: Bross, IDJ and Coombs, J. Early onset of oral cancer among women who drink and smoke. Oncology:22; 136-139 (1976). Choose 'New reference' and press Enter. You will be asked for the "Citation as it will appear in the text". An example of a valid citation will be shown like this: Smith and Jones, 1989 Note that the citation must include a name or names, plus a year. Other examples of valid citations are: Smith and Jones 1987b Smith 1982 Smith et al, 1985 Smith, Williams, Johnson and Johnson, 1988 For practice, enter Bross and Coombs, 1976 and press ENTER. There is no need to use parentheses or commas, but it won't matter if you do. If your Master File already contains a reference with this citation the program would respond with "This citation has already been used. Please choose another" In that case you would have to modify the citation to read Bross and Coombs, 1976a, or Bross Coombs, 1976b. Now you will be asked if this is a reference to a journal, a book, a chapter or an edited book. To help you decide, here is and example of each: JOURNAL: Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M., & Pickle, L.W. (1981). Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med, 304, 745-749. BOOK: Wynder, E.L., & Hoffmann, D. (1967). Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press. CHAPTER: Cawson, R.A., & Binnie, W.H. (1980). Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma - A possible relationship. In: I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, C.A.Squier (Eds.), Oral premalignancy (pp. 59-66). Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press. EDITED BOOK: Tooze, J. (Editor). DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1980). Quite clearly, the Bross and Coombs reference is to a journal. So, press J. Now the screen will clear and the following questions will be presented in a window that scrolls up and off the screen as they are answered. You will be asked for the name of the first author of the paper. Type in Bross, using a capital letter for the first letter only. Do not use a period or any other punctuation, but just press ENTER. Now you are asked for the first initial of that author. Type in a capital I and press ENTER. Again, do not use a period or any other punctuation. Now you are asked for the second initial, so type a capital D. Now you are asked for the third initial, so type in a capital J. Now you are asked for the fourth initial, but since this author does not have one, just press ENTER instead. The program asks for the second author. Type in Coombs and press ENTER. When asked for the first initial, enter J and press ENTER. When asked for the second initial just press ENTER and when asked for the third author, press ENTER again. Now you will be asked for the title of the paper. Type it in and press ENTER. If the title is too long for one line it will wrap around to the next line automatically. Do not press ENTER until the title is finished. If you see a mistake in what you typed, then use the arrow keys on the cursor keypad to get to the error and change it. The Back-Space key will delete the character before the cursor and the Del key will delete the character at the cursor. Now you will be asked for the Journal in which the paper appeared. Type in Oncology or an abbreviation for it if you prefer, but do not use any punctuation. REFLIST is not able to distinguish abbreviations from full names, and the journal title is something that might need to be edited after a reference list has been written. Press ENTER. You will now be asked for the volume number. If you work in the biomedical sciences you will just enter the volume number itself. However in some subjects the journals need the issue number as well. REFLIST can not separate volume numbers from issue numbers automatically. Therefore if you write for biomedical journals you would just enter 22, while for journals in many educational fields you would have to enter 22, Issue 5, or maybe 22, October. If the reference is to a journal or chapter you will now be asked for the first page number and last page number. Enter each without punctuation, pressing ENTER to enter them. Page numbers of books are not used by the current version of REFLIST and must be added by hand to the final reference list. If you are entering a reference to a chapter, you will also be asked for the names and initials of the editors. These are entered in exactly the same way as the authors and their initials. You will also be asked for the publisher and city. When all of the bibliographic data is entered you will be given the option of adding some keywords, to be used in keyword searches of the Master File. If you are not interested in keyword searches then skip this option by just pressing ENTER. If you do wish to enter keywords then choose words that are not already in the title of the paper or the journal. REFLIST looks at all of the reference during a keyword search, not just at the keywords themselves, and so there is no need to duplicate any keywords. In the example being used, there is no need to use words such as cancer, drink or smoke as keywords. However it might be useful to use the word tobacco, or etiology as keywords. Type them in as one long list and press ENTER when they are all entered. Whether they are in upper or lower case letters does not matter since REFLIST converts keywords to upper case automatically. At this point you will be shown the entire reference as you entered it, but with some punctuation added, and you will be asked to choose an option. Choice A is to be used if the reference is free of all errors. Press A and the reference will be added to the Master File. Choice C should be used if there are any errors in the reference. If you press C you will be allowed to correct any item from the reference. As with entering new data, you may use the arrow keys on the cursor pad to move around the item and the Back Space or Del keys to remove characters. When the reference is acceptable to you and has been added to the Master File you will be offered the choice of adding another reference, or saving all your new references on the disk. When you choose to save all of the new references on the disk there will be a short delay while the index is re-written. It is a good idea to make a backup copy of the Master File immediately after any references have been added in case of any accidents to the working disc. ADDING MISSING REFERENCES After a reference list has been made for a text file you will often find that some of the references that you need are not filed in the Master file. A list of such references in kept in the .MIS file. You can print out this file with your word processor, or just send it to the printer with a DOS command such as COPY EXAMPLE.MIS PRN. If you wish, REFLIST can use the .MIS file to help you add new references to the Master file. When you choose 'Master file' the first option from the next set of options is 'Missing reference'. If you choose this option then REFLIST will use the .MIS file to prompt you for the references that must be added to your Master file before a complete reference list will be possible for that text file. You will be put into the routines for adding references to the Master file, as described above, except that you will not be prompted for the 'Citation as it will appear in the text'. Instead you will be shown a citation that was found in the text file and be asked to add the bibliographic information for it. If you do not have the information press Esc. You will go back to the menu and that missing citation will be removed from the .MIS file. You can continue like this until all of the missing references are added, or avoided by the Esc option. Now you can return to the main menu and try to create the reference list again. ADDING REFERENCES THAT WERE DOWNLOADED There are several commercial on-line systems for searching the biomedical literature and downloading references into a disc file. The references are formatted in a well defined style - for example the author entry is preceded by 'AU', the journal by 'SO' and so on. Use your word processor to look at the file DOWNLOAD.NEW that is supplied with REFLIST to see an example of such a file. To transfer these references to your Master File, start the program up by typing REFLIST at the DOS prompt, and choose M to access the Master File. When given the choice of from the keyboard or from downloaded files, choose 'Downloaded'. The program will ask for the name of the disc file containing the references to add and for a demonstration, tell it DOWNLOAD.NEW. The references will then be transferred and changed into the REFLIST format. Citations will be made up for you in the usual way, and if a duplicate citation is found in the Master File already, the new one will have an a or b, etc, appended. In other words, if the downloaded file has a reference by authors Smith and Jones, and the year is 1989, but your Master File already contains an entry called Smith and Jones, 1989, then the new reference will be given the citation Smith and Jones, 1989a. There is no check to see if the two papers are actually the same or not. Therefore you should be careful not to fill up your Master File with duplicate entries. Information in the downloaded file such as abstracts and sign-on messages will not be transferred. The major keywords (signalled by a line that starts 'MJ') will be transferred to the Master File but minor keywords (signalled by a line that starts with 'MN') will not. If your downloaded file was produced by browsing back and forth through a data base you might have the same reference occurring several times in the file. In that case you should use a word processor to remove the duplicates before running REFLIST. In fact it is a good idea to also remove any references you might never need, since the large volume of data which the on-line systems produce can fill up your Master file very quickly. There are several on-line literature searching systems, with new ones starting up now and then. It is possible that one of them might start to modify their file structure in a way that could confuse REFLIST. If you find that REFLIST fails to read some on- line format please send in a disc with the down-loaded file so the the next revision of REFLIST will handle that new format. MERGING TWO MASTER FILES Some users of REFLIST maintain separate lists of references under different file names. At times they wish to join these different Master files together. REFLIST does not have any built-in ways to do this, but you can manage it under DOS. For example, if you have two Master files called FILE1.DTA and FILE2.DTA which you wish to merge into a single file called FILE3.DTA, and if they are all on the same disc, then at the DOS prompt you type: COPY FILE1.DTA+FILE2.DTA FILE3.DTA and press ENTER. Now call up REFLIST and use the 'Options' choice from the main menu to change the name of the Master File to be used to FILE3.DTA. Next you must use the 'Index' option from the 'Master-file' menu to make a new index for FILE3.DTA. If FILE1.DTA and FILE2.DTA contained some of the same entries you will now have duplicates in the FILE3.DTA file. To get rid of them you should next 'Sort' the Master File and 'Browse' through it to find the duplicates and delete them. Now use the 'Index' option one more time to recover the blank space and to re-create the index. EXAMINING THE MASTER FILE You can see all the entries in the Master file by choosing the option 'See/Change a reference'. This will open a window on the screen that shows citations to the Master file. In fact what you are seeing is the file MASTFILE.CIT. If that file is missing when you try to see it you will be asked to wait for a short while as the program reads through the Master file. Within the window, you can move the high-light bar up and down to choose the citations of an entry that you want to see. Use the arrow keys to move one entry at a time, or use Page Up and Page Down to move a page at a time, or use Home and End to go to the start or end of the file. When you press Enter, the reference that corresponds to that citation will be displayed. You can press Esc at this point to go back to browsing, or press D to delete or M to modify that entry. If you choose to modify it, you get a set of questions about the change you want. Press Esc to leave things as they are, or press Enter to accept any changes. When you have finished examining the references that are stored in the Master file, press Esc to get back to the Master- file menu, and Esc again to go back to the main menu. INDEXING THE MASTER FILE When new entries are added to the Master file, they are put on the end, which is the fastest way to do it. The citation is also added, to the MASTFILE.CIT file. 'Index' is a procedurewhich you will probably never need. This re-creates the MASTFILE.INX file, which is used by REFLIST to find its way through MASTFILE.DTA. If your MASTFILE.DTA file gets damaged, by a bad disc or a power failure while the program is running, the .INX file could end up containing false indexing information. This will result in reference lists full of strange things - wrong entries, entries that start in the middle of a word and so on. The cure is to run the 'Index' choice from the 'Options' menu. However it is very slow - if you have a thousand entries in your Master file it might take a half hour on an IBM PC. For the first few minutes the disc drives will be active but after that the computer will just sit and think. It does not get stuck - just leave it alone and it will finish eventually. 'Index' also makes a check on the integrity of your Master file. If you have any damaged entries they will be removed. Entries that you previously deleted or modified will also be removed, since up to this point they were simply flagged as being changed by making them start with an underscore. You might notice that the MASTFILE.DTA file is smaller after the index is re-created. This is because of these editing changes that are made. REPLACING TEXT CITATIONS WITH NUMBERS Some journals and books require that citations in the text consist of numbers instead of names and years. If REFLIST has already created a reference list for a document it can use the new .CIT file to replace citations with the correct numbers. Firstly, prepare the reference list by using option R from the main menu. Then choose 'Number' from the main menu and choice 'Citations to numbers' from the next menu. You will be asked for the name of the text file, and be prompted with the last file name that was used. Type in the file name if it is different, and press ENTER. The citations in that file will now be replaced with appropriate numbers, and the old version of the file, with the citations still in place, is renamed with the extension .BAC. Now you must use your word processor to go back to your text file and reformat the text, because obviously the numbers will take up much less space in a line than the citations did. The backup file, with citations still in place, is renamed with the extension .BAC. If you are ever going to need a version of your text file with citations in it again, then be careful not to erase the .BAC file. REFLIST does offer a menu option to replace numbers with citations. In fact all this does is to erase the text file with numbers and rename the .BAC file to its original name. FILES USED BY REFLIST REFLIST must have these three disc files in order to work: ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ REFLIST.EXE The Program │ │ │ │ REFLIST.DEF A file of definitions. │ │ │ │ MASTFILE.DTA The Master File of references. It can │ │ be given a different name by choosing │ │ 'Master file' from the 'Options' menu. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ REFLIST also needs two indexing files, but will automatically re-create them if they go missing for any reason: ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ MASTFILE.INX This is updated automatically when new │ │ references are added or deleted, or │ │ when you use the Index choice from the │ │ 'Options' menu. │ │ │ │ MASTFILE.CIT A list of citations to all the entries │ │ in the Master file. It is auto- │ │ matically updated when entries are │ │ added or deleted, or when you make a │ │ list of the whole Master File. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ The following files are provided with the program, for you to practice with: ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ EXAMPLE.WP Some text that contains citations, in │ │ the Word Perfect format. The same text│ │ is in EXAMPLE.TXT for use with other │ │ word processors. Your own text file │ │ can use any file name that works with │ │ your word processor. │ │ │ │ │ │ DOWNLOAD.NEW An example of a file of references │ │ down-loaded from MEDLINE. This is pro- │ │ vided to practice adding these refer- │ │ ences into the Master File. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ The purpose of the program is to create files that contain specialized lists, such as: ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ EXAMPLE.REF The name given by REFLIST to the │ │ formatted reference list for the text │ │ file EXAMPLE.TXT │ │ │ │ │ │ MASTFILE.KEY A list of citations to those entries │ │ in the file MASTFILE.DTA that match │ │ your keywords. │ │ │ │ │ │ MASTFILE.REF The name of the file when a formatted │ │ reference list is made from either the │ │ entire MASTFILE.DTA, or from those │ │ entries that match your keywords. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ As it runs, REFLIST makes three temporary files for its own use: ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ EXAMPLE.CIT A temporary file created by REFLIST │ │ which contains the list of citations │ │ found in EXAMPLE.TXT │ │ │ │ │ │ EXAMPLE.MIS The name given by REFLIST to the list │ │ of citations in the text file EXAMPLE. │ │ TXT that did not match any entry in │ │ the Master file. │ │ │ │ │ │ EXAMPLE.BAC The name given to the file EXAMPLE. │ │ TXT after citations were replaced by │ │ numbers. │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ For use with WordPerfect there is a macro file provided, that causes the Alt-R key to mark citations. it is called ALTR.WPM If you have a two-disc system there are several ways to distribute the files. To start with, put all of your word processing files on one disc, together with all of the REFLIST files. Use this disc in drive A. Put the text on which you are working on a disc in drive B. The finished reference list will also end up on drive B. This arrangement will work fine until your Master File starts to fill up, and then you will have to make changes. A Master File of 500 references will take up about 80K and so it might be some time before you have to shuffle the files. When you are running out of space on drive A you can copy the Master File and its index (i.e. MASTFILE.DTA and MASTFILE.INX) to drive B, and keep the text files on drive B also. At this time you will have to edit the file REFLIST.DEF so that the Master File is shown as B:MASTFILE.DTA. The only disadvantage of this will come if you have several text files on which you work alternately. In that case you would have to copy the latest version of MASTFILE.DTA and MASTFILE.INX to each of the text file discs that you use. After new references have been added the new Master File and its index will have to be copied to each of the text file discs. If you have a hard disc, then all of the files can be copied into the same sub-directory. That is the easiest system. If you need to have the Master file in a different sub directory, then use the 'Options' choice from the main menu and re-name the Master file so as to include its subdirectory. The .INX file has to be in the same subdirectory as the Master file itself. REFLIST.DEF has to be in the same subdirectory as REFLIST.EXE. FORMATS PROVIDED Here are some illustrations of references in the publishers' formats that are supplied with REFLIST. Each set of formats is shown here in the order Journal - Chapter - Book - Edited Book, unless that journal uses alphabetized lists, in which case the order is alphabetical. AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW Cawson, R.A. and Binnie, W.H., "Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship" in I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, and C.A.Squier, eds., Oral premalignancy, Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980. Tooze, J. Ed. DNA Tumor viruses, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M. and Pickle, L.W., "Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States," New Eng J Med, 1981, 304, 745-9. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke, New York: Academic Press, 1967. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Cawson R.A., and W.H.Binnie. "Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship." Oral premalignancy, eds. I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, and C.A.Squier. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980. Tooze J. ed. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980. Winn D.M., W.J.Blot, C.M.Shy and L.W.Pickle. "Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States." New Eng J Med 304(1981):745-9. Wynder E.L., and D.Hoffmann. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 1. CAWSON, R.A. AND BINNIE, W.H. 1980 Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Oral premalignancy. I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, AND C.A.Squier, Eds.: Univ of Iowa Press Iowa City. 2. TOOZE, J. ed. 1980: DNA Tumor viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. New York. 3. WINN, D.M., BLOT, W.J., SHY, C.M. AND PICKLE, L.W. 1969. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med.304:745-749 4. WYNDER, E.L. AND HOFFMANN, D. 1967: Tobacco and tobacco smoke, Academic Press. New York. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 1. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW: Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 1981; 304:745-749 2. Cawson RA, Binnie WH: Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship, in Oral premalignancy. Edited by Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA. Iowa City, Univ of Iowa Press, 1980 3. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York, Academic Press, 1967 4. Tooze J (ed): DNA Tumor viruses. New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY 1. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M. and Pickle, L.W. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med, 304:745-749, 1981. 2. Cawson, R.A. and Binnie, W.H. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. In Oral premalignancy, Mackenzie, I.C., Dabelsteen, E. and Squier, C.A., Eds. Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 1980. 3. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Academic Press, New York, 1967. 4. Tooze, J. Ed. DNA Tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1980. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST Cawson, R.A., & Binnie, W.H. (1980). Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. In I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, C.A.Squier (Eds.), Oral premalignancy (pp. 59-66). Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press. Tooze, J. (Ed.), (1980). DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M., & Pickle, L.W. (1981). Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med, 304, 745-749. Wynder, E.L., & Hoffmann, D. (1967). Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW: Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749, 1981 2. Cawson RA, Binnie WH: Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship, Oral premalignancy Edited by IC Mackenzie, E Dabelsteen, CA Squier. Iowa City, Univ of Iowa Press, 1980, pp59-66 3. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D, Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York, Academic Press, 1967, 4. Tooze J, editor: DNA Tumor viruses. New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980, CANCER 1. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 1981;304:745-749 2. Cawson RA, Binnie WH. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA, eds. Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press 1980; 59- 66 3 . Wynder EL, Hoffmann D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967 4. Tooze J. ed. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980 CELL Cawson,R.A., and Binnie,W.H. (1980). Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. In Oral premalignancy, Mackenzie,I.C., Dabelsteen,E., and Squier,C.A., eds. (Univ of Iowa Press: Iowa City), pp. 59-66. Tooze,J. ed. (1980). DNA Tumor viruses. (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). Winn,D.M., Blot,W.J., Shy,C.M., and Pickle,L.W. (1981). Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304, 745-749. Wynder,E.L., and Hoffmann,D. (1967). Tobacco and tobacco smoke. (New York: Academic Press). ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS Cawson RA, Binnie WH (1980): Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA (eds): Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press; pp59-66 Tooze J ed. (1980):"DNA Tumor viruses." New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW (1981): Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D (1967):"Tobacco and tobacco smoke." New York: Academic Press. FAMILY PROCESS 1. Cawson, R.A., & Binnie, W.H. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. In: I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, , & C.A.Squier, (eds.), Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980. 2. Tooze, J. (ed.). DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980. 3. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M., & Pickle, L.W. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304: 745-749, 1981. 4. Wynder, E.L., & Hoffmann, D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967. FOREST SCIENCE CAWSON R.A., and W.H.BINNIE. 1980. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. P. 59-66. in I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, and C.A.Squier (eds.), Oral premalignancy. Iowa City. Univ of Iowa Press. TOOZE J. ed. 1980. DNA Tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. WINN D.M., W.J.BLOT, C.M.SHY and L.W.PICKLE. 1981. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749. WYNDER E.L., and D.HOFFMANN. 1967. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Academic Press, New York. GENE Cawson, R.A. and Binnie, W.H.: Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship in Mackenzie, I.C., Dabelsteen, E. and Squier, C.A. (Eds.), Oral premalignancy, Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City 1980, pp. 59-66. Tooze, J. (Ed.) DNA Tumor viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1980. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M. and Pickle, L.W.: Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304 (1981) 745-749. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke, Academic Press, New York, 1967. HOSPITAL AND COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY 1. Tooze J: (ed): DNA Tumor viruses. New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980 2. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM et al: Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749, 1981 3. Cawson RA, Binnie WH: Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship, in Oral premalignancy. Edited by Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA. Iowa City, Univ of Iowa Press, 1980 4. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D: Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York, Academic Press, 1967 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER CAWSON, R.A., and BINNIE, W.H., Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Mackenzie, I.C., Dabelsteen, E., and Squier, C.A. (eds.), Oral premalignancy, pp. 59-66, Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City (1980). TOOZE, J. (ed.), DNA Tumor viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 1189 (1980). WINN, D.M., BLOT, W.J., SHY, C.M., and PICKLE, L.W., Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med, 304,745-749 (1981). WYNDER, E.L., and HOFFMANN, D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke, Academic Press, New York 745 (1967). JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Cawson,R.A., and Binnie,W.H. (1980) in Oral premalignancy (Mackenzie,I.C., Dabelsteen,E., and Squier,C.A., eds) pp. 59-66, Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City Tooze,J. ed. (1980) DNA Tumor viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York Winn,D.M., Blot,W.J., Shy,C.M., and Pickle,L.W. (1981) New Eng J Med 304, 745-749 Wynder,E.L., and Hoffmann,D. (1967) Tobacco and tobacco smoke, Academic Press, New York JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY Cawson R.A., and W.H.Binnie. 1980. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. In Oral premalignancy. I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, and C.A.Squier, editors. Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City. 59-66. Tooze J. ed. 1980. DNA Tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. Winn D.M., W.J.Blot, C.M.Shy and L.W.Pickle. 1981. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749. Wynder E.L., and D.Hoffmann. 1967. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Academic Press, New York. JOURNAL OF CLIMATE AND APPLIED METEOROLOGY Cawson, R. A., and W. H. Binnie, 1980: Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. I. C. Mackenzie, E. Dabelsteen, and C. A. Squier (eds.), Oral premalignancy, Iowa City, Univ of Iowa Press, pp. 59-66. Tooze, J, ed, 1980: DNA Tumor viruses, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Winn, D. M., W. J. Blot, C. M. Shy and L. W. Pickle, 1981: Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med, 304, 745-749. Wynder, E. L., and D. Hoffmann, 1967: Tobacco and tobacco smoke, New York, Academic Press, JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH CAWSON,R.A.; and BINNIE,W.H. (1980) Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Oral premalignancy. I.C.Mackenzie.; E.Dabelsteen.; C.A.Squier. Eds.,Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, pp.59-66. TOOZE,J. ed. (1980):DNA Tumor viruses, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. WINN,D.M.; BLOT,W.J.; SHY,C.M.; and PICKLE,L.W. (1981): Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States, New Eng J Med 304:745-749. WYNDER,E.L.; and HOFFMANN,D. (1967):Tobacco and tobacco smoke, New York: Academic Press. JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY CAWSON, R. A. & BINNIE, W. H. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship (1980). In Oral premalignancy. pp. 59- 66. Edited by I. C. Mackenzie, E. Dabelsteen, C. A. Squier. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press. TOOZE, J. ed. (1980). DNA Tumor viruses, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. WINN, D. M., BLOT, W. J., SHY, C. M. & PICKLE, L. W. (1981). Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304, 745-749. WYNDER, E. L. & HOFFMANN, D. (1967). Tobacco and tobacco smoke, New York: Academic Press. JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 1981;304:745-749 2. Cawson RA, Binnie WH. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA, eds. Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980:59- 66 3. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967 4. Tooze J. ed. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980 JOURNAL OF THE LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA Cawson, R. A. & Binnie, W. H. 1980. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. Oral premalignancy. ed. by I. C. Mackenzie, E. Dabelsteen, & C. A. Squier, 59-66. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press. Tooze, J. ed. 1980. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Winn, D. M., Blot, W. J., Shy, C. M. & Pickle, L. W. 1969. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med.304.745-9. Wynder, E. L. & Hoffmann, D. 1967. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY Cawson RA, Binnie WH (1980): Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA,( eds). "Oral premalignancy". Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, p 59. Tooze J ed. (1980): "DNA Tumor viruses," New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW (1981): Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D (1967): "Tobacco and tobacco smoke," New York: Academic Press. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE (1) WINN DM, BLOT WJ, SHY CM, PICKLE LW. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 1981; 304:745-749. (2) CAWSON RA, BINNIE WH. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA, eds. Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980:59- 66. (3) WYNDER EL, HOFFMANN D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967 (4) TOOZE J. ed. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980 JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY (1) WINN DM, BLOT WJ, SHY CM, PICKLE LW. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 1981:304:745. (2) CAWSON RA, BINNIE WH. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA, eds. Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980:59 (3) WYNDER EL, HOFFMANN D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967 (4) TOOZE J. ed. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY and other journals published by the American Society for Microbiology 1. Cawson R.A., and W.H.Binnie. 1980. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship p. 59-66. In I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, C.A.Squier (eds.), Oral premalignancy. Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City. 2. Tooze J. ed. 1980. DNA Tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. 3. Winn D.M., W.J.Blot, C.M.Shy and L.W.Pickle. 1981. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749. 4. Wynder E.L., and D.Hoffmann. 1967. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Academic Press, New York. LAND ECONOMICS Cawson, R.A., and Binnie, W.H. 1980. "Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship." In: Oral premalignancy, eds. I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, , and C.A.Squier. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press. Tooze, J. ed. 1980. DNA Tumor viruses, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M., and Pickle, L.W. 1969. "Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States". New Eng J Med 304:745-9. Wynder, E.L., and Hoffmann, D. 1967. Tobacco and tobacco smoke, New York: Academic Press. LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Cawson, R.A., & Binnie, W.H., "Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship" in I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, , & C.A.Squier eds., Oral premalignancy (Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980). Tooze, J., (ed.), DNA Tumor viruses (New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 1980). Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M., & Pickle, L.W., "Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States" New Eng J Med 304(1981): 745-749. Wynder, E.L., & Hoffmann, D., Tobacco and tobacco smoke (New York: Academic Press 1967). MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS Cawson RA, Binnie WH (1980) Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship. In: Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA (eds) Oral premalignancy, Univ of Iowa Press Iowa City pp 59-66 Tooze J ed (1980) DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW (1981) Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304:745-749 Wynder EL, Hoffmann D 1967) Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press. NATURE 1. Winn, D. M., Blot, W. J., Shy, C. M. & Pickle, L. W. New Eng J Med 304, 745 (1981). 2. Cawson, R. A. & Binnie, W. H. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship in Oral premalignancy (eds Mackenzie, I. C., Dabelsteen, E. & Squier, C. A.) 59-66 (Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 1980). 3. Wynder, E. L. & Hoffmann, D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke (Academic Press, New York, 1967). 4. Tooze, J. (ed) DNA Tumor viruses (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1980). NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (This is the 'Vancouver format', used by over 100 journals) Winn DM, Blot WJ, Shy CM, Pickle LW. Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 1981;304 745-749. Cawson RA, Binnie WH. Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Squier CA, eds. Oral premalignancy. Iowa City: Univ of Iowa Press, 1980;59- 66. Wynder EL, Hoffmann D. Tobacco and tobacco smoke. New York: Academic Press, 1967: Tooze J. ed. DNA Tumor viruses. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1980:59 NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH Tooze, J. ed. (1980). DNA Tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M. and Pickle, L.W. (1981) New Eng J Med 304, 745-749. Cawson, R.A. and Binnie, W.H. (1980) In Mackenzie, I.C., Dabelsteen, E. and Squier, C.A. (Eds), Oral premalignancy. Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City. pp. 59-66. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D. (1967). Tobacco and tobacco smoke. Academic Press, New York. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, USA 1. Tooze, J. ed. (1980) DNA Tumor viruses, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York). 2. Winn, D. M., Blot, W. J., Shy, C. M. & Pickle, L. W. (1981) New Eng J Med 304, 745-749. 3. Cawson, R. A. & Binnie, W. H. (1980) in Oral premalignancy, eds. Mackenzie, I. C., Dabelsteen, E. & Squier, C. A. (Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City) pp. 59-66. 4. Wynder, E. L. & Hoffmann, D. 1967) Tobacco and tobacco smoke, (Academic Press, New York). VIROLOGY CAWSON,R.A., and BINNIE,W.H. (1980). In "Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship" (I.C.Mackenzie, E.Dabelsteen, C.A.Squier, eds.) , pp.59-66. Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City. TOOZE,J. ed. (1980). "DNA Tumor viruses." Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. WINN,D.M., BLOT,W.J., SHY,C.M., and PICKLE,L.W. (1981). Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med 304, 745-749. WYNDER,E.L., and HOFFMANN,D. (1967). "Tobacco and tobacco smoke." Academic Press, New York. VIRUS RESEARCH Cawson, R.A. and Binnie, W.H. (1980) Candida leukoplakia and carcinoma: A possible relationship In: Oral premalignancy, (Mackenzie, I.C., Dabelsteen, E. and Squier, C.A., eds.), pp. 59-66, Univ of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Tooze, J. (ed.) (1980) DNA Tumor viruses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. Winn, D.M., Blot, W.J., Shy, C.M. and Pickle, L.W. (1981) Snuff dipping and oral cancer among women in the southern United States. New Eng J Med, 304, 745-749. Wynder, E.L. and Hoffmann, D. (1967) Tobacco and tobacco smoke, Academic Press, New York. ADDING JOURNAL FORMATS Journal formats are specified by prototypes that are held in the file REFLIST.DEF. You can add new formats or modify old ones if you have some computer experience and a lot of time and patience. If you are lacking any of these, don't read this section. Just send in a photocopy of the new format you need and it will be done for you if possible. REFLIST.DEF is an ASCII or non-document file, and must be edited as such. Do not edit it with a word-processor which introduces non-standard characters into files, or you will get weird results later on. To ensure that the file only contains ASCII characters, look at it by using the A>TYPE REFLIST.DEF command from DOS after it was modified. If you see just regular letters with a lot of ~ signs, then the file is correct. The line spacing is very close and so the file is not easy to read. REFLIST finds its way through the REFLIST.DEF file by counting lines. Therefore you must not add or delete any lines, or put in any carriage returns. You can however add new reference formats to the end of the file and so extend it. The first line of REFLIST.DEF is a title line, and holds the name of the current Master file and default text file, the citation flag and line spacing. The second through ninth lines are not used by the current version of REFLIST, but are used by older versions of the program. You must not delete them because the program counts lines as it finds its way through the .DEF file. The rest of the file is taken up with reference formats. Each one takes up six lines. The lines are so long that some of them might wrap around if the line length of your monitor or word- processor is too short. This will make things even more difficult to read. The first line is the name of the journal or publisher which uses that format. The second line is the word 'Alphabetized' or 'Non-alphabetized'. This determines whether the list will be alphabetized or not. The third line will say 'No max number of authors' if this format is for a journal that allows unlimited numbers of authors in a reference. If the journal does set an upper limit, the first number in this line gives that number. It is followed by a comma, and then the number of authors that will be shown in the event the maximum has been reached. For example some journals allow all authors names to be shown up to six authors, but if a reference has seven or more, then only the first three are shown. That would appear in this line as 6,3, et al. The term 'et al', or whatever the line ends with, will be put into references from which some authors names had to be dropped. The fourth line is a reference to a journal article, written in the style of the journal or publisher named in line one. The reference is to a paper by Sorsdahl et al., and is broken up into fields by ~ marks (known as "tildes"). The following are each one field: An author's name, an initial, perhaps the paper title, the journal name, the volume number, the page number and the year. Words such as 'and' should have space around them within the field, i.e. should look like: ~ and ~. Punctuation consists of one field, and that field can contain any amount of punctuation that runs together. For example, if the format contains a space followed by a ',' followed by a ':' followed by another space followed by the opening parenthesis of the date followed by the date itself followed by the closing parenthesis followed by a period, it would look like this before being separated into fields: ,: (1989). After being separated into fields it would look like this: ~ ,: (~1989~).~ The end of the line is marked by two consecutive tildes like this: ~~ The fifth line is for defining the format of references to chapters. It is assumed that the author part of the reference will be the same format as for journals, which it almost always is. The fifth line therefore just contains a title, a book name, a publishers name a city and year. The sixth line of each format definition shows the program how books will be formatted. Again the author fields are assumed to be the same as for journal formats, and only the later fields are defined. The line starts with the field 'ed~s~' or something similar, which defines how edited books will be differentiated from authored books. Examine the formats supplied to see how the definitions are written. Instead of adding a new format, it is easier to modify an existing format. Start with the one which is closest to your needs and change it a little at a time, trying it out after each modification. If you have too many or too few ~ marks in your format you will see them scattered about the references when you format a reference list. The site of the first ~ will show the whereabouts of the error. Another possible source of problems is the numbering system. The number, if used, must either look like 1.~ or like (1)~ . If space is required after the number it must be put into the next field like this 1.~ ~Sorsdahl~. If the first field contains anything other than 1.~ or (1)~ it will be ignored and the references will not be numbered at all. Examine the supplied formats to see how the second field can also contain print codes for underlining or printing in italics. Many users have had problems in creating new reference formats, although others have managed it successfully. If you are not sure of whether you can do it or not, then send in a photocopy of the reference style you need and it will be done for you if possible. ERROR MESSAGES - TROUBLESHOOTING The main error message from REFLIST reads: "Can not find filename.ext" where filename.ext is one of the essential files. This means either i) the file is missing from the system altogether, or ii) the file is on the wrong disc drive. To find the cure remember that a) The Master File should really be on the disc drive shown for it in the file REFLIST.DEF. b) REFLIST.EXE (the main program) expects to find REFLIST.DEF on the same disc drive, and in the same directory, as itself. c) The files MASTFILE.DTA and MASTFILE.INX (or whatever you choose to call your Master File) must be together on the same disc and in the same directory. Another frequent error message says: "No citations found. Press any key". This means either a) There were no citations in the text file that were marked with a citation flag, or b) The program is looking for the wrong citation flag. You can configure the program to particular word processors using the Options choice from the main menu. This sets the Control-R character for most word processors, or, for WordPerfect, sets the use of the Alt-R macro. You can change the citation flag using the citation flag option that appears from the next menu. If you examine the file REFLIST.DEF you can see on the top line what the flag is that the program will be looking for. If the program hangs up while making a new reference list, or puts strange characters or words into the list, there might be a problem with the Master file. Choose the Index option from the Master-file Menu. This will recreate the index and the program should now work. If the Master file is large, the index will take a long time to make. Sometimes such problems are the result of making changes in the Master File with a word processor. The indexing routine solves the problem by simply deleting those references from the disc. If this does not work, then you have probably made some changes in a format in REFLIST.DEF that are throwing things off track. Go back to using the REFLIST.DEF file supplied with the program and see if it works now. If it still hangs up, you must have found a bug in the program. Send back the disc together with the files that are causing the problem and you will get it fixed for free, with any luck. If REFLIST refuses to find a reference which you know is filed in the Master file, take a close look at the spelling in your text file. Remember that a spelling error of only one letter will stop the citation from being recognized. Also, if the text citation is, say Smith 1985, and it is filed as Smith 1985a, it will not be found. Some typists use the lower case letter L instead of the number 1. This will confuse REFLIST - make sure that both the text and the Master File entry have the number 1 and not the letter l. Do not try to add initials of more than one letter to the Master File. Hyphenated initials should be added separately as one initial at a time. Before adding new references to the Master File take a look at the directory of the disk, to make sure that there is enough room free. You will get an error message if the disc overflows, but you might lose any references which were held in the memory of the computer at that time. If this happens, look at the directory of the disc. The program will have saved the old Master File with the extension .BAK. You can re-name this to your Master File name (usually MASTFILE.DTA) and then re-create the index with option I from the Options menu. Many users ask how many references can be filed on a disc, and what size reference lists are possible. This all depends on the average length of the references. However a double sided floppy disc should hold over 1000 references, and reference lists of 500 references will be possible. A hard disc should hold many more references, but the program has only been tested with Master Files of up to 4000 references. The program could be re- written to accomodate larger lists than 500 references, but no users have asked for this so far. Each reference can have up to fifteen authors, and each author can have four initials. Titles of papers and journals can have up to 500 letters, including punctuation. DISCLAIMER Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure accuracy in the operation of REFLIST. However, no guarantees are offered that the output of this program will be accurate in all cases. Publishers sometimes modify their requirements. Proofreading of the output is essential in all cases, with further editing by hand as necessary. The responsibility for the quality of published work rests with the author. TRADEMARKS The following are the trademarks of their respective companies: IBM, D Base IV, PC-FILE-R, WordStar, PC-Write, WordPerfect, Sprint